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How to Write Annotated Bibliographies : Steps and Examples

This guide explains how to write annotated bibliographies from a general viewpoint with step-by-step instructions and examples.

Basic Steps

Annotated Bibliography

Basic Steps

Creating an annotated bibliography involves selecting valid sources, summarizing, and evaluating them about a particular research topic. Here are the basic steps to create an annotated bibliography:

1. Identify your research topic: Determine the subject or theme you're investigating and identify keywords or key phrases. You should have a research question in mind.

2. Locate relevant sources: Conduct a comprehensive search using academic databases, libraries, online catalogs, and search engines to find scholarly sources such as books, journal articles, and reputable websites relevant to your topic.

3. Evaluate the sources: Assess the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and repurpose of each source. Consider factors like the author's credentials, publication date, peer-review status, and the publisher's or journal's reputation. Look for pros and cons of your topic.

4. Include citation details: Create a citation for each source in the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Include all necessary information such as the author's name, title of the work, publication date, and source details.

5. Read and summarize: Read each source thoroughly and take concise notes. Summarize the main ideas, arguments, methodologies, and findings presented in the source. Focus on the aspects that are most relevant to your research.
 

6. Write the annotation: After the citation, write a brief paragraph (around 100-200 words) that provides an evaluation of the source. Describe the relevance of the source to your research topic, discuss the main arguments or ideas presented, and evaluate the source's strengths and weaknesses. Consider the source's methodology, bias, and its contribution to your understanding of the topic.
 

7. Revise and proofread: Review your annotated bibliography for any errors, inconsistencies, or omissions. Check the accuracy of your citations and ensure that the annotations are clear, concise, and well-written. Remember to consult any specific guidelines or instructions provided by your instructor or institution, as requirements for annotated bibliographies may vary.

Example

Example Entry

Question: How might knowledge of conspiracy theories impact our understanding misinformation on the internet?

Kennedy Assassination Conspiracy

Entry

Kurtz, M. L. (1980). Lee Harvey Oswald in New Orleans: A Reappraisal. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, 21(1), 7-22.

This article talks about if Lee Harvey Oswald is the real killer of President Kennedy. It displays a lot of facts and witness accounts about the murder suggesting that Lee Harvey Oswald was in fact the shooter on the 6th story of the Texas School Book Deposit. Witness accounts claim to see Oswald standing on the 6th floor just moments before the shooting. It goes to talk about possible connections with the godfather of the mob Carlos Marcello.

This article is very useful because it ties the Mob in with Oswald and the killing of Kennedy. It shows a lot of facts including witness accounts and hard evidence. The mob's connection with Kennedy is very important because of the fact that John F. Kennedy also had a solid connection with the mob through his father. This article helps me cover more material for my paper and gives me a chance to write about Kennedy and Oswald’s connection with the mob. Witness accounts are key to an investigation and when they line up with the hard evidence it gives the theory that Oswald did indeed kill Kennedy.